Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

What is Diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is chronic metabolic disorder in the which the body does not Produce enough insulin or deficiency of insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas, and it is needed to turn sugar and other food into energy.

Type of Diabetus Mellitus:

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 diabetes mellitus Called on as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM] or juvenile-onset diabetes, is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas leading to a deficiency of insulin. Type 1 diabetes usually Occurs in children and young adults in the which without daily injections of insulin, people with type 1 diabetes will not survive.
Till now, type 1 diabetes can be treated only with insulin therapy and this treatment must be continued indefinitely. People with Type 1 diabetes mellitus are needed careful monitoring of blood glucose levels using blood testing monitors. Children with significant dehydration, persistent vomiting, serious intercurrent illness, require inpatient management and intravenous rehydration.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus type 2 Called as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM] or adult-onset diabetes, this case due to a combination of defective insulin secretion and insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity (defective responsiveness of tissues to insulin) as heterogeneous disorder , the which almost Certainly involves the insulin receptor in cell membranes.
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common form of diabetes mellitus and is highly associated with a family history of diabetes, older age, obesity and lack of exercise. Diabetes mellitus type 2 Appears most Often in middle-aged adults.
In some countries, 20% or more of New Patients with diabetes in childhood and Adolescence have NIDDM, a change associated with Increased rates of obesity. Another case is may have inherited disorders of insulin release leading to maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY).
Diabetes mellitus type 2 usually treated by attempts to change physical activity (Generally an increase of is Desired) Such as exercise, the diet as well as to Decrease carbohydrate intake, and weight loss. Then the next treatment for diabetes mellitus type 2 is an oral antidiabetic drugs (if Necessary).

Certain diseases and drugs can affect the way the body uses insulin and can lead to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can occur temporarily During pregnancy and also may occur in people with excess production of growth hormone (acromegaly) and in people with Certain hormone-secreting tumors. Patient with pancreatitis and other diseases That directly damage the pancreas can lead to diabetes mellitus.

Sign and Symptom of Diabetes Mellitus:
Patients with Diabetes Mellitus has possible systemic signs and symptoms include polyuria (Increased frequency of urination), polydipsia (Increased thirst), polyphagia (Increased appetite), glycosuria, weakness, weight loss, neuropathy, and nephropathy, Blurred vision, cuts and bruises That are slow to heal.

The early symptoms of diabetes mellitus are related to the direct effects of high blood sugar levels. Normally, blood glucose levels for fasting (at least eight hours but not more than 16 hours) is 4 to 7MMol / L and less than 10MMol / L two hours after meals.

Acute complications of diabetes mellitus on the Patients may occur Diabetic ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, Hypoglycemia, and Diabetic coma. Chronic complications may Appear as Vascular disease (microvascular disease in the which due to damage to small blood vessels and macrovascular disease, due to damage to the arteries).

Others related cases of Diabetes Mellitus are: Diabetic retinopathy, Diabetic neuropathy, Diabetic nephropathy.

 source: http://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm

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Disease Leukemia (Blood Cancer)

Leukemia (blood cancer) is a type of cancer that attacks white blood cells produced by bone marrow (bone marrow). Bone marrow or bone marrow in the human body produces three types of blood cells including white blood cells (functioning as an immune system against infection), red blood cells (carry oxygen into the body to function) and platelets (small part of blood cells that help blood clotting process ).
Leukemia generally appear in person since the days of childhood, bone marrow without obvious cause has been known to produce white blood cells do not develop normal or abnormal. Normally, white blood cells to reproduce again when the body needs or is there a place for the blood cells themselves. The human body will give signs / signals on a regular basis when will the blood cell-reproduction is expected to be back.
In the case of leukemia (blood cancer), white blood cells do not respond to the sign / signal is given. Finally, uncontrolled excessive production (abnormal) will exit from the bone marrow and can be found in the peripheral blood or peripheral blood. The number of abnormal white blood cells that are in excess can disrupt the normal function of other cells, People with these conditions (Leukemia) will show some symptoms such as susceptible to infectious diseases, anemia and bleeding.
Acute Leukemia and Chronic Disease
Acute leukemia is characterized by a very rapid course of the disease, lethal, and worse. If this is not promptly treated, it can cause death within weeks to days. While the course of the disease have chronic leukemia that is not so fast that it has a longer life expectancy, up to more than 1 year.

Leukemia is classified according to cell type
When the examination is known that lymphocytes or leukemia affects lymphoid cells, it is called lymphocytic leukemia. While leukemia affecting myeloid cells such as neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils, is called myelogenous leukemia.
From this classification, then Leukemia is divided into four types of designation;1. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Is the most common type of leukemia in children. The disease is also present in adults who primarily have been aged 65 years or more.2. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). It is more common in adults than children. This type was formerly called nonlimfositik acute leukemia.3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (LLK). This often affects adults over the age of 55 years. Sometimes it also affects young adults, and almost no children.4. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) often occurs in adults. Can also occur in children, but very little.
Causes of Leukemia
Until now the cause of leukemia is not known with certainty, but there are several factors thought to affect the frequency of occurrence of leukemia.1. Of radiation. This is supported by several reports of some research which handles cases of leukemia that is more frequent radiological Employees suffering from leukemia, Penerita with radiotherapy more often suffer from leukemia, Leukemia incidence was found in atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
2. Leukemogenik. Several chemicals have been identified are reported to affect the frequency of leukemia, such as environmental toxins such as benzene, inustri chemicals such as insecticides, drugs used for chemotherapy.
3. Hereditary. People with Down Syndrome have the incidence of acute leukemia 20 times greater than normal people.
4. The virus. Some types of viruses can cause leukemia, such as retroviruses, feline leukemia virus, HTLV-1 in adults.

Signs and Symptoms of Leukemia
Leukemia Symptoms are generally caused differ among patients, however, can generally be described as follows:1. Anemia. Patients would appear tired, pale and breathing fast (below normal red blood cells causing less oxygen in the body, resulting in the patient breathes faster to compensate for the fulfillment of oxygen deficiency in the body).
2. Hemorrhage. When the platelets (blood clotting cells) are not reproduced with reasonable because it is dominated by white blood cells, then the patient will experience bleeding skin dijaringan (number of red wiggler width / minor dijaringan skin).
3. Esophageal Infections. White blood cells act as a protective immunity, especially against infectious diseases. In Patients with leukemia, white blood cells that diterbentuk is not normal (abnormal) so it does not function properly. As a result the body of the patient vulnerable to infection virus / bacteria, even by itself would reveal complaints of fever, white discharge from the nose (runny) and cough.
4. Bone pain and joints. This is caused as a result of bone marrow (bone marrow) by pressing solid white blood cells.
5. Stomach Pain. Abdominal pain is also one indication of the symptoms of leukemia, in which the leukemia cells may collect in the kidneys, liver and bile that causes enlargement of these organs and timbulah pain. Abdominal pain can affect appetite loss of leukemia patients.
6. Swollen glands lympa. Patients likely to have swollen glands lympa, whether it is under the arms, neck, chest and more. Gland lympa duty filter the blood, leukemia cells may collect here and cause swelling.
7. Difficulty breathing (dyspnea). The patient may show symptoms of difficulty breathing and chest pain, if this happens then it should immediately get medical help.

Diagnosis Disease Leukemia (Blood Cancer)
Leukemia can be ascertained with some checks, such as: Biopsy, Blood {complete blood count (CBC)}, a CT or CAT scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray, Ultrasound, Spinal tap / lumbar puncture.

Handling and Treatment of Leukemia
Handling cases of leukemia disease usually starts from the symptoms that arise, such as anemia, bleeding and infection. Broadly speaking the handling and treatment of leukemia can be done by a single or a combination of some of the methods below:
1. Chemotherapy / intrathecal medications2. Radiation Therapy. This method is rarely used3. Bone marrow transplantation (bone marrow)4. Provision of drugs and hypodermic tablets5. Transfusion of red blood cells or platelets.

Therapy systems are often used in dealing with patients with leukemia is a combination of chemotherapy (chemotherapy) and the provision of drugs that focuses on the dismissal of the production of abnormal white blood cells in bone marrow. Next is the treatment of some symptoms and signs have been displayed by the patient's body with a comprehensive monitor.

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Alcohol Treatment

Many medical problems that cause individuals to seek or require medical treatment are related to drug or alcohol abuse. When screening programs identify medical patients who may have alcohol or drug problems, the concern shown by healthcare providers, even during brief encounters or interventions, can provide patients with significant motivation for engaging in the assessment and treatment process.

If you want to stop abusing drugs and alcohol you must have options. Inpatient Residential, Day-Treatment, Outpatient and Alternatives exist and for every individual, there is a way to get sober and stay sober. Private and non-profit agencies in the the world that offer various levels of alcoholism and drug abuse rehabilitation and treatment services.

Many people who are struggling with addiction may appear very successful, affluent and productive to the outside world, however internally they often feel extremely distraught, tortured and fearful of their future after they get perfect alcohol's treatment.

These are four most common types of Alkohol treatment programs; outpatient methadone, outpatient drug-free, long-term residential , and short-term inpatient.

1. Outpatient methadone programs administer the medication methadone to reduce cravings for heroin and block its effects. Counseling, vocational skills development, and case management to help patients access support services are used to gradually stabilize the patients functioning. Some patients stay on methadone for long periods, while others move from methadone to abstinence.

2. Long-term residential programs offer around-the-clock, drug-free treatment in a residential community of counselors and fellow recovering addicts. Patients generally stay in these programs several months or up to a year or more. Some of these programs are referred to as therapeutic communities.

3. Outpatient drug-free programs use a wide range of approaches including problem-solving groups, specialized therapies such as insight-oriented psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and 12-step programs. As with long-term residential treatment programs, patients may stay in these programs for months or longer.

4. Short-term inpatient programs keep patients up to 30 days. Most of these programs focus on medical stabilization, abstinence, and lifestyle changes. Staff members are primarily medical professionals and trained counselors. Once primarily for alcohol abuse treatment, these programs expanded into drug abuse treatment in the 1980s.

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Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer is a disease where there is excessive growth or uncontrolled growth of cells (tissue) breast, This could happen to women and men. From all over the world, penyakir breast cancer (Breast Cancer / Carcinoma mammae) reported as one cause of cancer death number five (5) after; kaker lung, uterine cancer, liver cancer and colon cancer.  

Causes of Breast Cancer
Calculated breast cancer the most common cancer attacking women, though men also have the possibility of having this disease with a ratio of 1 in 1000. It is not yet known exactly what causes this cancer occurs, but several factors likely are:
1. Age, disease increases breast cancer in the teenage years and upwards.
2. Genetic, There are 2 types of genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) that Sagat may be a risk. If the mother or female relatives of breast cancer, then you likely have an increased risk of breast cancer 2-fold compared to the other women in her family there was no single patient.
3. The use of drugs, for example a woman who uses hormone replacement therapy drugs {hormone replacement therapy (HRT)} as exogenous hormones can cause increased risk of getting breast cancer.
4. Other factors are suspected as the cause of breast cancer are: not married, married but no children, gave birth to her first child after age 35 years, never breastfed children.
Some studies reveal that breast cancer is increased in people who often face stress conditions (shaking the soul) and also for women who menstruate earlier under the age of 11 years.
 

Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer
For those of you who feel a strange lumps around the breast tissue or even one of your breasts look bigger, better consult a doctor quickly. These lumps are usually painless, ranging from small size which then becomes large and palpable as attached to the skin. Some cases of breast skin changes around the lump or change in the nipple.

When the lump started to grow, then cause pain (pain) when pressed. If you feel pain in the breast and nipple that does not go away, you should immediately consult a medical. The nipple into the contract, which was pink and finally become brown and even the presence of edema (swelling) around the nipple is one strong sign of breast cancer. Another thing is the frequent discharge from the nipple when not nursing your baby.
Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer can be known with certainty by taking samples of breast tissue that has pembenjolan (action biopsy). In this way will know the type of cell growth is experienced, whether the tumor is benign or malignant tumors (cancer).
Type Breast Cancer
Through the examination of the call with mammograms, the breast cancer type can be categorized into two parts, namely:

 

1. Non-invasive breast cancer, cancer that occurs in the bag (tube) milk {a liaison between the alveoli (milk-producing glands) and nipples}. In the language of medicine called 'ductal carcinoma in situ' (DCIS), which is where the cancer has not spread to the outside of the network of milk bag.
2. Invasive breast cancer, cancer that has spread beyond the milk bag and invade the surrounding tissue may even lead to the spread (metastasis) such other body gets lympa and other glands through blood circulation.
Handling and Treatment of Breast Cancer
Handling and treatment of breast cancer depends on the type and stage experienced by patients. The new man is generally known to suffer from breast cancer after stepping up stadiums are quite severe, this is due to a lack of knowledge or embarrassment so it's too late for medicine was examined for abnormalities that it faces.
1. Surgery, the breast cancer is known from an early age then surgery is the appropriate action. The doctor will remove the lump and a small area surrounding the muscle tissue and replace it with another (lumpectomy). Broadly speaking, there are three measures of breast cancer surgery or operations including;
- Radical Mastectomy, ie surgical removal of part of the breast (lumpectomy). This operation is always followed by the provision of radiotherapy. Lumpectomy is usually recommended in patients with large tumors less than 2 cm and located at the edge of the breast.- Total Mastectomy, ie surgical removal of the entire breast, but not the glands in the armpit.- Modified Radical Mastectomy, ie surgical removal of the entire breast, breast tissue in the sternum, collarbone and ribs, as well as lump around the armpit.
2. Radiotherapy (Radiation / radiation), ie the process of irradiation to the affected area of ​​cancer using X-rays and gamma rays are aimed at killing any remaining cancer cells in the breast after surgery. This action has the effect of unfavorable as the body becomes weak, poor appetite, color of skin around the breast to black, as well as hemoglobin and leukocytes tended to decline as a result of radiation.
3. Hormone Therapy, This is known as 'anti-estrogen therapy' that the system works to block the ability of the hormone estrogen in stimulating breast cancer development.
4. Chemotherapy, This is the process of anti-cancer drugs in pill form or capsules or liquid through an IV that aims to kill cancer cells. The system is expected to reach the target in the treatment of cancer that may have spread other body gets. The impact of kemoterapy are patients experience nausea and vomiting and hair loss due to the influence of drugs given during chemotherapy.
5. Herceptin treatment is biological therapy is known to be effective against HER2-positive in women who have breast cancer stage II, III and IV with cancernya cell spread.
Breast Cancer Prevention
For those of you who feel there are things that look different in the breast, get it checked out to the doctor do not be late. For example the next enlargement, the presence of lumps around the breast, continuous pain on the nipple and so on as in the description of signs and symptoms of breast above.
Other actions you can do is to avoid obesity, Eat less fat, Try to consume foods that contain lots of vitamins A and C, do not eat too much salted and smoked foods, exercise regularly, and Check-up breasts since the age of 30 years on a regular basis .

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Hepatitis

Hepatitis is a disease caused by several types of viruses that attack and cause inflammation and damage to liver cells of humans. Hepatitis diketegorikan in several categories, including hepetitis A, B, C, D, E, F and G. In Indonesia, Hepatitis disease patients generally tend to be more experienced group of hepatitis B and hepatitis C. but here we will discuss the focus of articles hepatitis A, B and C.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis Hepatitis A is a group of illnesses are mild and rarely causes death, hepatitis A (VHA = hepatitis A virus) spread through the droppings / faeces of patients who transmitted through food and beverages terkomtaminasi, not through sexual activity or through blood. For example, fish or shellfish that comes from the area of ​​water polluted by human waste of patients.
Hepatitis A has an incubation period of 2 to 6 weeks after infection occurs, then later the patient showed some signs and symptoms of disease Hepatitis A.
1. Symptoms of Hepatitis AIn the first week, individuals who are afflicted will experience pain such as jaundice, fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, dizziness and black-colored urine. A fever is a fever that occurs continuously, unlike the rest of the fever dengue fever, tuberculosis, thypus, etc..
2. Handling and Treatment of Hepatitis APatients who show symptoms of hepatitis A as the first week of emergence is called jaundice, fatigue and so on, are expected to not much activity and immediately visit the nearest health care facility for treatment of symptoms such as paracetamol as a fever-lowering and dizziness, vitamins to increase endurance and appetite as well as drugs that reduce nausea and vomiting.
Sedangkah steps can be taken as prevention is to wash hands thoroughly, and immunization injections recommended for someone who was around the patient.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is one of the infectious diseases that are categorized as hazardous in the world, disease is caused by Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) that attacks the liver and cause acute or chronic inflammation of the liver. Like the case of Hepatitis C, both the disease can become chronic and eventually become cancerous liver. The process of transmission of Hepatitis B is through the exchange of body fluids or contact with blood from an infected Hepatitis B.
As for some things that the pattern of transmission include transmission from mother to baby during childbirth, sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, syringe, or use of personal hygiene (toothbrush, towels) together. Hepatitis B can affect anyone, but usually for those aged more productive would be at risk for this disease.
1. Symptoms of Hepatitis BSpecifically terserangnya signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis B are fever, abdominal pain and yellow (especially in the area of ​​the white eye / sclera). But for people with chronic hepatitis B will tend not to appear the signs, so that transmission to others becomes more risky.
2. Handling and Treatment of Hepatitis BPatients with suspected Hepatitis B, for the certainty of diagnosis that is established then it will be blood examination. Once the diagnosis is established as Hepatitis B, then there is a treatment for hepatitis B, namely treatments swallowed (oral) and by injection.a. Oral treatment is the famous;- Provision of drugs from the nucleoside analog Lamivudine, which is known as 3TC. This medicine is used for adults and children, drug use tends to increase liver enzyme (ALT) for that patient will receive ongoing monitoring of doctor.- Provision of drug adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera). Oral administration would be more effective, but administration with high doses would adversely affect renal function.- Provision of drug Baraclude (Entecavir). The drug is administered in patients with chronic hepatitis B, the side effects of this drug are headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and an increase in liver enzyme. Keoptimalan level and stability of drug administration has not said to be stable.
b. Treatment with injection / injection is;Microsphere injections containing ß-ray-emitting radioactive particles that will destroy liver cancer cells without damaging surrounding healthy tissue. Interferon Alfa Injection (by branch name INTRON A, INFERGEN, ROFERON) subcutan given the scale of 3 times a week for 12-16 weeks or more. Side effects of this drug are depression, especially in patients that have a history of previous depression. Another effect is a pain in the muscles, causing fatigue and a little fever that this can be eliminated by administering paracetamol.
Preventive measures to avoid the disease is Hepatitis B vaccine delivery, especially in people at high risk of this virus, such as those who behave bad sex (change-change partner / homosexuals), health workers (nurses and doctors) and their areas that are vulnerable many cases of Hepatitis B.
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). The process of transmission through blood contact {transfusions, hypodermic needles (contaminated), then the patient menggiti insect bite everyone around them}. Hepatitis C sufferers sometimes do not show obvious symptoms, but in patients with chronic Hepatitis C causes damage / death of liver cells and detected as cancer (cancer) heart. Some 85% of cases, hepatitis C infection becomes chronic and slowly damages the liver for years.
1. Symptoms of Hepatitis CPatients with Hepatitis C often times people who suffer from Hepatitis C have no symptoms, although infection has occurred for many years. But some of them are vague symptoms; Tired, Lost appetite, abdominal pain, urine becomes dark and yellow skin or eyes become so-called "jaundice" (rare). In some cases it can be found an increase in liver enzymes in urine, however, in patients with hepatitis C liver enzyme actually sometimes even normal fluctuations.
2. Handling and Treatment of Hepatitis CCurrently the treatment of Hepatitis C is done by the administration of drugs such as interferon alpha, pegylated interferon alpha and Ribavirin. The goal of treatment of hepatitis C is to eliminate the virus from your body as early as possible to prevent the development of a deteriorating and end-stage liver disease. Hepatitis C treatment in patients requiring a long time even in this particular patient can not be helped, it is necessary to handling the first stage.

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